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Podcasts didn't decide GE2025Podcasts didn't decide GE2025 I refer to the CNA’s Commentary: Podcasts didn't decide GE2025, but they changed how Singaporeans engage with politics (May 9). The 2025 General Election has several features/characteristics that deserve our attention, discussion and reflection: In today era, technological revolution, innovation and advancement...

GE2025: Stunning victory for PAPGE2025: Stunning victory for PAP I refer to the CNA’s report, “GE2025: Stunning victory for PAP, winning 87 of 97 seats with higher national vote share in PM Wong's first electoral test” (May 4). GE2025 has clearly delivered the following key messages/notes from the vast majority of voters: The Workers’ Party (WP) has done a fantastic good...

This is not a game of cardsThis is not a game of cards I can appreciate parties wanting to hold their cards close to their chest, but the smoke and mirrors games on nominations day, the shuffling of the DPM from a seat he had openly been declared to be defending, and other ministers shuffling constituencies leaves one feeling the PAP thinks it is playing a game of cards. Constituency...

Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs really better for Singaporeans?Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs really better for Singaporeans? I refer to The Online Citizen GE2025 news report, “Lee Hsien Yang: Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs really better for Singaporeans?” - (April 14), and “The Straits Times’ report, “GE2025: Singaporeans will go to the polls on May 3, Nomination Day on April 23” (April 15), and The Online Citizen GE2025 report,...

𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝... Is the PAP of today exceptional, with unmatched competence and delivery? Afterall, that is their justification for the highest salaries in the world. Let’s look at its more recent track record. Large numbers of NRIC numbers were recently unmasked, leaving Singaporeans exposed to identity theft, fraud, abuse and scams....

GE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit TimahGE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit Timah I refer to the CNA news, “GE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit Timah GRC but may make way for Singapore Democratic Party” (April 10), “More opposition 'star catches' are emerging. Is Singapore's political scene maturing?” (April 10) and “PSP says government response to Trump tariffs 'overblown',...

GE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are recruited into politicsGE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are recruited... I refer to CNA’s news, “GE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are recruited into politics” (Mar 28). It is not surprised to notice that in recent weeks, two NMPs and top ministry officials have resigned, fuelling speculation they could be fielded as potential candidates for the ruling People's Action...

More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote in GE2025More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote in GE2025 I refer to The CNA’s News, “GE2025: More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote” (Mar 25). As Singapore’s General Election is due to be held within this year, the following factors will more or less influence the election situation this year: A)The general mentality of voters Voters are generally...

How the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with waning US supportHow the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with waning... I refer to the CNA’s commentaries, “How the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with waning US support” (Mar 4), “Lessons from the Trump-Zelenskyy meltdown- for friends and foes” (Mar 1) and “Will Trump tariffs push China to change economic tack?” (Mar 3). Foremost, we need to recognise the reality...

Singapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum WageSingapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum Wage Singapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum Wage: National Service Should Not Come at the Expense of Opportunity Costs Singapore’s National Service (NS) has long been a cornerstone of the nation’s defense, requiring young men to dedicate two years of their lives to military, civil defense, or police service. While...

Trump-Putin deal on Ukraine will be Europe’s moment of reckoningTrump-Putin deal on Ukraine will be Europe’s moment of... I refer to the CNA’s Commentaries, “Trump-Putin deal on Ukraine will be Europe’s moment of reckoning” (Feb 20) and “Ukraine can survive with the ‘least worst’ peace” (Feb 22). Now, In the eyes of European Union, they have lost trust and confidence in the United States, it is solely due to the flip flop...

From Deepseek to Huawei, US tech restrictions on China are backfiringFrom Deepseek to Huawei, US tech restrictions on China are... I refer to the CNA’s Commentary, “From Deepseek to Huawei, US tech restrictions on China are backfiring” (Jan 31). Would it be practical, useful and effective for the United States to continually pursue an aggressive containment strategy to hobble China’s tech push? Undoubtedly, the answer is obviously not. There...

Don't get distracted by Trump's outlandish Cabinet picksDon't get distracted by Trump's outlandish Cabinet picks I refer to the CNA’s Commentary: “Don't get distracted by Trump's outlandish Cabinet picks” (Nov 25), and “'No one will win a trade war’, China says after Trump tariff threat” (Nov 26). As everyone knows, U.S. President-elect Donald Trump will return to power on January 20, 2025. Trump has dismissed...

Putin escalates Ukraine warPutin escalates Ukraine war I refer to The CNA’s Commentary: “Putin escalates Ukraine war by a step, not a leap, with missile experiment” (Nov 23). Foremost, Zelenskyi’s intention to join Nato has greatly threatened the security and survival of Russia. Hence, Zelenskyy has offended Putin and Putin has no choice but to launch a war with...

Will PM Wong address the astronomical ministerial salaries?Will PM Wong address the astronomical ministerial salaries? I refer to The TR-Emeritus opinion article, “Will PM Wong address the astronomical ministerial salaries” (June 14) by Mr Yoong Siew Wah. It has always been a controversial topic which concerns about our top political leaders who receive their salaries that are many times higher than those foreign political leaders. Our...

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Editorials
Strong hailstorm strikes China's Xi'an causing airport...

Strong hailstorm strikes China's Xi'an causing airport...

On the evening of May 8, Xi’an, the capital city of China’s Shaanxi Province, was struck by a powerful...
Four parties lost their election deposits in GE2025

Four parties lost their election deposits in GE2025

A total of four opposition parties, the Singapore United Party (SUP), People's Power Party (PPP), People’s...
Level 16 super typhoon devastates multiple cities in...

Level 16 super typhoon devastates multiple cities in...

Northern China was hit by an extreme weather event on Thursday as a massive cold front swept south, colliding...
Level 15 winds destroy buildings rooftops and cause...

Level 15 winds destroy buildings rooftops and cause...

On April 30, northern China was struck by an extreme weather event as a massive cold vortex surged southward,...
TR Emeritus to 'shut-up' on 2nd May 2025

TR Emeritus to 'shut-up' on 2nd May 2025

Please be informed that TR Emeritus (TRE) will shut down its comment function site-wide at 0000 hours...
Chaos in China as extreme storm destroys homes and...

Chaos in China as extreme storm destroys homes and...

Beijing’s 22 million residents were asked to stay indoors on Saturday, as powerful winds swept across...
China, Thailand, and Myanmar in ruins after devastating...

China, Thailand, and Myanmar in ruins after devastating...

On March 28, 2025, a devastating 7.7-magnitude earthquake struck central Myanmar near Mandalay, causing...
Myanmar 7.7 earthquake collapses buildings in Thailand,...

Myanmar 7.7 earthquake collapses buildings in Thailand,...

A powerful 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck central Myanmar on March 28, 2025, causing widespread panic...
Beijing shocked by earthquake and mega sandstorm

Beijing shocked by earthquake and mega sandstorm

Since March 24, 2025, northern China has been battling extreme weather as a massive sandstorm swept through...
Mega hail causes mass destruction in Fujian and Guangdong

Mega hail causes mass destruction in Fujian and Guangdong

An unexpected and severe hailstorm struck multiple cities in Guangdong and Fujian between March 3 and...
Extreme weather struck multiple regions in China

Extreme weather struck multiple regions in China

On March 2, 2025, extreme weather struck multiple regions in China, with parts of Henan province experiencing...
Happy Chinese New Year 2025

Happy Chinese New Year 2025

Wishing all our Chinese readers:     Team@TR Emeritus  
Huge snow caused numerous disruptions on China's major...

Huge snow caused numerous disruptions on China's major...

As the Chinese New Year approaches, millions of people across the country are making their annual journey...
The rapidly spreading HMPV virus you haven’t heard...

The rapidly spreading HMPV virus you haven’t heard...

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is making headlines as cases surge, especially among children and vulnerable...
4.1 magnitude earthquake shakes Shanxi's Linfeng city

4.1 magnitude earthquake shakes Shanxi's Linfeng city

On the evening of January 10, 2025, Linfen City in Shanxi Province was struck by an earthquake. The tremor,...
7.8 magnitude earthquake devastates Tibet

7.8 magnitude earthquake devastates Tibet

A magnitude 7.1 earthquake has hit Tibet, in the region of Shigatse, which is near the border with Nepal. According...
Outbreak of mystery virus in China

Outbreak of mystery virus in China

China is r eportedly facing a new health crisis as the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) outbreak rapidly...
Unknown Virus Rampages in China; Hospitals Utterly...

Unknown Virus Rampages in China; Hospitals Utterly...

A blogger in China has shared a video, claiming that this isn’t China’s Spring Festival travel rush;...
Opinions
The three of threes about DPM Heng Swee Kiat

The three of threes about DPM Heng Swee Kiat

The first part of the threes is about the when, the how and the why? And it is about his retirement...
我们是否该重新思考国防开支的优先顺序?

我们是否该重新思考国防开支的优先顺序?

新加坡政府近日宣布将采购两艘额外的“无畏级”潜艇,引发了一个重要问题:我们的国防力量,到底需要多强? 毫无疑问,一个强大且可信的军队对于保障国家主权与威慑潜在威胁是不可或缺的。新加坡地处战略要冲,国土面积有限,因此需要一支现代化的武装部队。然而,当我们对比邻国——马来西亚拥有两艘潜艇、印尼正逐步扩展至十二艘——新加坡在水下战力上已处于领先地位。这不禁让人质疑,我们是否正引领着一场无声的区域军备竞赛? 问题在于:当威慑的需求被满足后,继续扩军是否已经超出必要? 一艘“无畏级”潜艇的估价超过十亿新元,还不包括长期的运营与维护成本。这两艘新潜艇的资金,若能转用于迫切的民生需求,例如医疗保健、老龄化支援、教育及弱势群体扶助,或许对社会的整体韧性更具意义。 政府一再强调国防开支是经过审慎规划的,但当生活成本日益上升,政府却仍需将消费税(Gst)提高至9%甚至更多,这种矛盾不禁令人困惑。如果某些战略性国防项目能够延后或循序推进,节省下来的资源是否可以用于社会发展呢? “全面防卫”不仅仅是硬件实力,更是要赢得人民的心与信任。让人民感到安心、有保障、受到重视,这种安全感无法靠潜艇来衡量,而是通过每一位国人的生活实感体现出来。 这并非是在呼吁削弱我们的国防,而是呼吁我们重新思考国家的优先事项。当我们继续推进军事现代化的同时,也不要忽视同样重要的任务——巩固社会契约、增强国民凝聚力。   Cwc-Ai  
Cutting down reliance on US military equipment

Cutting down reliance on US military equipment

There is a rampant rumor going around that claims Egypt has ordered 48 J10C with a price tag of USD$25B...
2025大选—明确授权,变化中的政治格局

2025大选—明确授权,变化中的政治格局

2025年大选结果无可争议,政府再次赢得了强有力的授权,稳固了其在新加坡政治格局中的主导地位。尽管选举结果并不令人意外,但胜利的过程却并非没有争议和复杂性。 值得注意的是,选区划分的变化在本次选战中发挥了重要作用。陈清木医生与徐顺全医生等资深反对派人物,因选区重划而受到显著影响——传统支持基础被分割或并入他区,无疑左右了某些关键选区的最终结果。虽然选区调整在新加坡选举历史上并不罕见,但其公平性与透明度仍持续引发讨论。 工人党虽稳守东北区的传统堡垒,但未能在本届大选中攻下新的选区。不过,该党仍获得两个非选区议员(Ncmp)席位,虽属安慰性质,却在象征意义上维持了国会内多元声音的存在。 更值得关注的是,本届大选所处的人口背景正经历剧烈变化。新加坡人口从2000年的约300万增长至2025年的超过500万。考虑到多年来出生率持续偏低,这一增长几乎可以肯定主要归因于移民流入,尤其可能在华人群体中增长显著。这一趋势对国家的社会结构和政治生态产生了深远影响。 展望2030年大选,各政党不仅要面对一如既往的选区调整与突发的全球事件,更需正视一个不断演变的社会结构。随着越来越多新移民成为国民,选民构成日益多元,政党在政策制定与信息传递上必须更具包容性与前瞻性。他们必须同时争取老一代公民与新加坡新公民的认同,回应共同关切,并跨越代际与文化差异的鸿沟。 在新加坡持续向前迈进的过程中,其政治也必须与时俱进——反映日益多元的人口现实,同时坚守国家的核心价值观:团结、韧性与务实。 Cwc-Ai
A jaw-dropping election

A jaw-dropping election

This is a jaw-dropping election. For the opposition. SDP’s Dr Chee and PSP’s Leong were deeply disappointed....
The Nation has rejected multi-party Parliamentary representation

The Nation has rejected multi-party Parliamentary representation

Our party suffered great losses and I personally have suffered the greatest hit. But these personal losses...
A False Analogy That Insults the Intelligence of Singaporeans

A False Analogy That Insults the Intelligence of Singaporeans

Minister Ong Ye Kung’s recent assertion that a “co-driver” bears no responsibility if a car crashes...
There is a cost to losing

There is a cost to losing

There is a cost to losing. At least in PAP’s books. And one of the costs is a policy of priority. That...
Hougang Belongs to the People

Hougang Belongs to the People

Thank You for the Reminder, Mr Marshall Lim. It is with no small measure of amusement that one reads...
Its all about trust

Its all about trust

Dr Ng Eng Hen from PAP has pointed out the most important key point about this General Elections, it...
Misunderstanding What Singaporeans Truly Expect from...

Misunderstanding What Singaporeans Truly Expect from...

The government's repeated assertion that it is "easy for the opposition to ask the government to give...
Punggol GRC

Punggol GRC

Punggol GRC is without question one of the most hotly watched, followed and contested constituency in...
Should Singapore Be Concerned About David Neo’s “Action-Takers,...

Should Singapore Be Concerned About David Neo’s “Action-Takers,...

Singaporeans should pause and reflect on the recent remark by PAP candidate David Neo, who said that...
Why Singaporeans Must Reconsider the Dismissal of SDP’s...

Why Singaporeans Must Reconsider the Dismissal of SDP’s...

The Singapore government’s blunt assertion that the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP)’s proposals...
Expect the exchange of barbs in politics

Expect the exchange of barbs in politics

In a political contest, expect the exchange of barbs. And we do not lack any of it in the rallies held...
Don't Be Swayed by the Noise—Think Critically Before...

Don't Be Swayed by the Noise—Think Critically Before...

In recent weeks, the political buzz in Singapore has reached a new high. Massive crowds at opposition...
We vote whoever is deserving of our vote

We vote whoever is deserving of our vote

I am surprised that Lee Hsien Loong chose to remind us of the 1997 shameful episode when he, his father...
The Case for a Diverse and Balanced Parliament

The Case for a Diverse and Balanced Parliament

The Singapore government has recently stated that "Good government needs good people" and cautioned against...
Letters
Podcasts didn't decide GE2025

Podcasts didn't decide GE2025

I refer to the CNA’s Commentary: Podcasts didn't decide GE2025, but they changed how Singaporeans engage...
GE2025: Stunning victory for PAP

GE2025: Stunning victory for PAP

I refer to the CNA’s report, “GE2025: Stunning victory for PAP, winning 87 of 97 seats with higher...
Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs really better for Singaporeans?

Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs really better for Singaporeans?

I refer to The Online Citizen GE2025 news report, “Lee Hsien Yang: Is a Parliament full of PAP MPs...
GE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit...

GE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit...

I refer to the CNA news, “GE2025: Red Dot United to contest in Holland-Bukit Timah GRC but may make...
GE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are...

GE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are...

I refer to CNA’s news, “GE2025: Why Singapore's high-flying bureaucrats are recruited into politics”...
More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote...

More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote...

I refer to The CNA’s News, “GE2025: More than 2.75 million Singaporeans eligible to vote” (Mar...
How the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with...

How the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with...

I refer to the CNA’s commentaries, “How the end of Ukraine war could be secured, even with waning...
Singapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum Wage

Singapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum Wage

Singapore Army Recruits Deserve a Minimum Wage: National Service Should Not Come at the Expense of Opportunity...
Snippets
Singapore’s Sports Industry: A Rising Powerhouse...

Singapore’s Sports Industry: A Rising Powerhouse...

Singapore’s sports industry is on the cusp of greatness, leveraging cutting-edge infrastructure and...
What are the most popular hobbies in Singapore in 2025?

What are the most popular hobbies in Singapore in 2025?

As work-life balance remains a constant talking point in the fast-paced city-state of Singapore, residents...
10 Most Popular Mobile Games in Singapore

10 Most Popular Mobile Games in Singapore

Singaporeans can't get enough of their phones these days, spending tons of time battling opponents, building...
Langkawi to Koh Lipe Ferry: Complete Travel Guide

Langkawi to Koh Lipe Ferry: Complete Travel Guide

Planning a tropical escape from Malaysia to Thailand? The journey from Langkawi to Koh Lipe offers a...
This is not a game of cards

This is not a game of cards

I can appreciate parties wanting to hold their cards close to their chest, but the smoke and mirrors...
𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝...

𝐈𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝...

Is the PAP of today exceptional, with unmatched competence and delivery? Afterall, that is their justification...
The sleep science revolution in elite sports

The sleep science revolution in elite sports

Professional sports have entered a new era where recovery science directly impacts performance outcomes....
Sports Betting in Online Casinos as a Way to Improve...

Sports Betting in Online Casinos as a Way to Improve...

In today's world, online sports betting has become not only a popular form of entertainment but also...
Sticky & Recent Articles

移民却要报效中国 阅兵美女遭新加坡人炮轰

移民却要报效中国 阅兵美女遭新加坡人炮轰

中央社 2009-10-05 一中国女子在新加坡担任华文教师并取得永久居民身分,但放弃新加坡生活回到中国,参与中国阅兵队伍,接受电视访问时指要「报效祖国」,引起新加坡网友 (netizens) 砲轰。 新加坡近年来有大批中国大陆移民,由于排挤到新加坡本地人的工作,因而引发一些新加坡人在公共场所排挤中国大陆移民,最后让总理李显龙、内阁资政李光耀纷纷公开呼吁,要新加坡人接纳新移民,强调新加坡的繁荣需要靠新移民和外来人才。 不过,最近有新加坡网友把一名曾在新加坡担任华文教师,并取得永久居民身分的中国女教师张元元,接受中国大陆电视台访问的片段上传到新加坡报业控股的STOMP网站,再次引起新加坡人质疑新移民对新加坡的忠诚度。 28岁的张元元接受中国的电视台访问时指出,她于2003年赴新加坡留学,后来找到华文教师的工作,并取得永久居民身分,有人劝她入籍新加坡,她答說:「北京才是我的家」。 张元元去年初得知中国南方遭遇冰雪灾害,立刻向灾区汇款,并在北京奥运前返回中国大陆,放弃跨国公司优渥待遇,进入一家收入差10倍的中国国有企业工作;今年她听說要组建十一阅兵女民兵方队时,又报名参加训练。 张元元向电视台表示,有人问她为什么要投入这样艰苦的训练,她答說,「因为报效祖国是我最大的心愿」。 一名网友在网站张贴张元元访谈片段后留言說,经过这样的事情,要让新加坡人如何平等对待新移民。 一些新加坡的网友看了这段访谈,也不是滋味地反问,「我们要怎么相信外来人才」。  Read More →

Yale in Singapore?

Yale in Singapore?

By Vivian Yee from Yale Daily News Yale is turning its international attention southward from China to lend a hand to the National University of Singapore. The Southeast Asian island’s largest university invited Yale administrators and professors to consult at the end of June on a new liberal arts college that NUS hopes to open. Administrators have not decided the extent of Yale’s commitment to the project, and there is no timeline for the college’s opening. Yale administrators — including University President Richard Levin, Vice President and Secretary Linda Lorimer and Provost Peter Salovey — formed three faculty committees on residential and extracurricular life, academic curriculum and faculty development to examine how an American-style liberal arts campus could take root in Singapore. But the University’s role is limited to consultation for now, said Levin, who called the initiative a “planning exercise.” “Where this will go is uncertain,” Levin said. “It could be evolved into more of a longer-term role.” For instance, he said, Yale may eventually partner with NUS to open jointly a campus in Singapore. But he said no decisions have been made yet and, at this point, Yale is just “acting as a consultant.” NUS’s proposed liberal arts college would draw about 1,000 students from across Asia to study a broad curriculum at a residential campus adjacent to NUS proper. The college’s curriculum would aim to imitate the approach, though not necessarily the content, of American universities. While students at American liberal arts universities study a broad range of subjects at first and concentrate on a specific field later on, students at Singaporean and other Asian universities choose an area of focus at the outset of their college years, rarely taking core classes or electives outside their specializations. “Top research universities in the U.S. also offer excellent liberal arts education,” said NUS Vice President for University and Global Relations Lily Kong, who heads the initiative for NUS, in an e-mail. “Yale offers an exceptional example.” Beyond theoretical discussions about the college’s administrative makeup and curriculum, little has occurred to move NUS’s plans forward: Singapore’s Ministry of Education, which oversees NUS as well as other Singaporean universities, has not yet dedicated funding to the project. “They haven’t made any decision yet about whether they even want to pursue it,” Salovey said of the proposed college. This is not the first time the island nation has reached out to a Western university. Not only has the Singaporean government encouraged Western universities — including Johns Hopkins University, MIT, the University of Warwick in England and the University of New South Wales in Australia — to open facilities in Singapore, but NUS and other Singaporean universities also have hired many faculty members from abroad. As the country attempts to give its research and academic facilities international prominence, Singapore’s collaborations with universities abroad have become more extensive, said J. Joseph Errington, the chairman of Yale’s Council on Southeast Asia Studies. “They want to internationalize,” Errington said. “Singapore is a global city in every sense of the term … Its survival depends on its ability to increase and deepen the extent of its connections abroad, and that now includes the academic scene as well.” But several of the country’s collaborations with Western universities have floundered. The University of New South Wales’ Singapore branch closed less than two months after opening in 2007 after being unable to attract enough students to pay for its $138 million campuses. Meanwhile, faculty at the University of Warwick voted to reject a proposed Singapore campus over concerns that the Singaporean government would restrict academic freedom too heavily. Levin said he is unconcerned about the quality of academic expression in the country. The initiative, Levin added, presents “a very exciting opportunity” to adapt a traditional Western canon-based curriculum for an Asian student body. “Think about re-conceptualizing the liberal arts curriculum with a blank sheet of paper,” Levin said. “Think of this as a global institution located in Asia, perhaps putting West and East in conversation.” NUS turned to Yale because of the two universities’ previous relationship, Kong said. The Yale-in-NUS program has sent students to Singapore every year since the summer of 2006 to take five weeks of summer classes for credit. Students live alongside NUS students and travel to Malaysia and Thailand as part of a curriculum focused on Southeast Asian studies. In exchange, 10 NUS students have traveled to New Haven each summer since then to take Yale Summer Session classes. Source: Yale Daily News  Read More →

李方不败?谈新加坡国会制度变迁

李方不败?谈新加坡国会制度变迁

作者:新加坡文献馆 2009年5月28日BBC中文网的《或求一败? 谈新加坡政治改革》提及:‘一般上政治家都希望自己稳如泰山,像李显龙這樣的“独孤求敗“在政治舞台上实屬罕見’。这句话说对了一半也说错了一半,说对的 是政治家都希望自已稳如泰山,说错的是李显龙不是要‘独孤求败’而是要确保‘李方不败’。 要正确了解人民行动党推行国会制度改变的真正目的就有必要细说从头,因为变革源自一个起点的循序演化。此外,要解读这一课题也还得先确认塑造新加坡社会的两点人民行动党政治思维。首先,李光耀不相信世界上有免费的午餐,所以新加坡的社会现实是没有不劳而获的便宜事。其二,人民行动党向来崇尚功利强调多赢:赢了还要再赢。综合这两点来看,人民行动党是不可能推出不利自已政权的政策,更不会让反对党不劳而获占尽改革的好处。另外,人民行动党必然要从这一政策改变中确保政治全赢的优势不变。换言之, 这场政治改革绝对不是为了要在新加坡创造更开明的民主政治环境,而是为了要确保‘李方不败’;人民行动党的绝对政治权力可以持续不断。这其中道理也是很浅白易懂,因为精打细算的人民行动党是不会干对自已没有好处的赔本生意。 新加坡从何时开始又是为了何事而推动一连串的国会制度改革?1981年安顺补选让惹耶勒南夺下国会一席,从而突破了人民行动党自1968年以来就享有的垄断国会全数议席的局势。当年李绍祖率领社阵议员辞去国会议席走向街头政治以抗议李光耀的非民主政治手段。此举导致新加坡的两党(轮替)政治机制的基础至此瓦解,并最终形成了人民行动党一党专政的政治格局。人民行动党垄断国会共长达13年,既造成了一党专政是理所当然的政治心态,更纵容了李光耀独揽政治大权的野心。据蒂凡纳所言李光耀对补选结果非常愤怒,誓言必定要彻底击垮对手。为此,李光耀动员国家资源全力对付惹耶勒南;这一场政治斗争在《李的法律》(Lee’s Law, Chris Lydgate, 2003)一书中有详细的描述分析。李光耀制定的政治游戏规则与从其衍生的政治文化也在这一个政治过程中逐一展现与落实。回顾历史惹耶勒南为此次胜利付出惨重的代价,由一名成功的中产阶级律师沦落到身败名裂从而潦倒一生;这就是新加坡的政治文化。这一段历史尤其是13年的国会垄断或许可以部分解释了为何李光耀不能容忍国会有更多反对党议员的原由和心态。这点认知是重要的,因为此后的国会制度变更其目的无非就是为了防止更多的反对党人士进入国会。 在随后的1984年大选,人民行动党的得票率大幅度下滑並失去了4个议席。人民行动党把大选的失败诠释为人民企图勒索政府。水能载舟亦能覆舟让李光耀担忧人 民行动党可能会在一夜之间失去政权。李光耀从此开始置疑一人一票选举制度的适当性:‘我们必须执行一些措施从确保人民不会在可以不必冒着失去政府服务的风 险代价下,利用选票来威胁政府以达到他们的需求与目的’。这应该就是李光耀要不断修改国会制度的基本原动力:一人一票制度不利李光耀长期执政的个人意愿。 至此,李光耀的政治策略已经很明显:政府为了确保人民行动党一党独大继续独揽政治大权,就必须要因时制宜不断的修改国会选举制度,以及有效的约束一人一票 以减少对人民行动党政权的负面影响,从而防止更多的反对党人士进入国会。为了落实这一政治策略,新加坡政府开始着手修正有关的国会宪法。 1984年人民行动党施行非选区议员制度:在一次大选中如果中选反对党议员少于3名则政府可以委任最多3名高票落选的反对党人士为非选区议员,条件是他们必须至少 获得其选区票额的15巴仙。这类次级议员权力有限而且更无权投信任票。此次修宪为的是在不影响人民行动党独揽大权的情况下容纳3名次级反对党非选区议员,以部分满足人民索求反对党代议士的政治意愿。 1985年人民行动党成立民意收集组和计划设立市镇理事会等组织架构。官方解释是让 人民有更多发言权以及参与社区管理。1987政府设立国会咨询委员会让议员进一步参与立法程序,试图改变立法由内阁敲定而国会只是立法图章,以减缓政策与立法是单纯由李光耀制定的独裁形象。换言之,塑造议员与人民可以通过这些新机制参与国家大事决定的民主形象。然而,此刻的人民行动党心态依然是:人民贪得无厌要求政府在‘面包的两面塗牛油’,并因而告诫人民:没有行动党议员的选区就不会有有效的社区服务。由此可见,制度变更是治标不治本,注重制度形式而非推行民主开放的政治环境。这些就是新加坡政治文化的另一层精神面貌。 1988年人民行动党施行集选区把多个议席捆绑在一起。集选区的官方解释为确保少数种族人士在国会有族群代议士。然而其实质政治目的是要加重竞选集选区的资源负担与困难程度,所以只有大党如人民行动党才有足够的金 钱物力去竞选集选区,而事实也确是如此。更重要的政治意义却在于李光耀己经有效的把一人一票改变为有人无票的投票制度,因为在人民行动党不战而胜的选区特别是集选区内,人民有投票的权力却没有投票的机会。对人民行动党而言,人民失去投票的机会等同减少人民投反对票的机会,其制度结果就是李光耀可以避免新加坡政治会一夜变天的危机。显然的,其最终目的也就确保了‘李方不败’的政治格局。 1990年人民行动党推行官委议员制度让专业人士参与国事辩论。李光耀的目的是要以官委议员这类可以管制的政治活动来取代很难管制的反对党政治。李显龙说:‘政府希望官委议员能夠减少人民给于反对党的支持…让辩论去政治化…另一种选择去取代反对党…’。表面上官委议员是无党无派的政治中立人士,但事实上官委议员是不会更不可能来自异议份子,因为官委议员是由人民行动党政府选出。据悉当年邓亮洪就曾被华社推荐为官委议员人选但不获官方委任。重要的是没有人知道官委议员是否是人民行动党干部,因为这层身份是机密的也只有人民行动党的核心人物能夠知悉其内情。官委议员或许能够增强国会民主,但是新加坡政治文化不利民主普及化,因为反对人民行动党的机构和个人都没有好下场。换言之,李光耀政治思维下的新加坡是很难建立一个开放的民主政治环境。这也就是支持李光耀政治的社会成本。 1991 年人民行动党推行民选总统制度。官方说词是民选总统是要保障国家财富不会被政府胡乱花费。然而一些学者却认为是李光耀要另外设立一个新权力中心以抗衡以总 理为中心的原有政治机制,因为李光耀本人即将卸下总理职位。显然的,在民选总统制度下李光耀可以另起炉灶。此外,李光耀卸下总理职位后还长期保留人民行动党秘书长一职;在新加坡政体架构下,李光耀可以通过党权开除总理的党籍以达到罢免总理的目的,因为新加坡宪法规定当议员失去党籍后就自动失去国会议席,明显的,总理一旦失去了国会议席也就失去了担当总理一职的法定资格。这一布局凸显了‘李方不败’是一个根深蒂固的政治意愿。显然的,要解读新加坡的制度变迁是绝对不能够低估或者忽略了这个核心政治思维。 李光耀的集选区制度和高薪领养政治雇佣兵政策为人民行动党招揽了好些有智商无情商 的不适当从政者。近月来的多起人民行动党议员的不当行为引起了社会上普遍的怨声载道和极为苛刻的负面评论。政府机构包括市镇理事会的财务亏损更引发社会置疑人民行动党遴选从政者的智慧。经济萧条和民生日益困难的社会因素更是加重了人民行动党的政治成本。为此,李显龙宣布了一些政治改革以试图减缓社会对人民行动党政府的埋怨和谴责。 2009年5月27日李显龙宣布在未来的国会将有至少9名非选区反对党议员和9名官委议员以达到共18名非执政党议员。另外,目前的6人组集选区也将减少,而单选区则从目前的9席增加到12席。然而,李显龙建议的这些政治改革依然是治标不治本的表面政治美容无助于强化新加坡的开放民主政治。因为政府在面对社会反对浪潮日益澎湃的当儿修改游戏规则特别是减少大集选区,主要是为了风险管理。这也可以看成是人民 行动党在巩固战线预防大集选区所可能带来的严重议席损失。这一制度改变是从人民行动党本身的利益着手,并非为了容纳多种民声民意,更不是为了方便反对党进入国会。 民主政治的关键点是在于彻底执行一人一票的民主程序;不能贯彻一人一票的选举只是伪民主政治。新加坡的实质政治就是这种 非典的民主政治。这一观点是可以用2001年的大选实况来解读:2001年大选的合格选民为2,036,923名,其中投给人民行动党的选票有 470,765张,反对党选票有154,502张,另外有1,411,656选民没有投票的机会;既人民行动党的实际投票所得为23.1%,反对党得7.6%,69.3%的合格选民没有投票机会。换言之,实际投票支持人民行动党的选民只有470,765人,占合挌选民中的23.1%。虽然如此,人民行动党却能够得到97.6%的竞选胜利成果,既取得84个国会议席中的82个议席。人民行动党之所以能够以23.1%的支持票换取97.6%的国会议席,应 该是得益于国会选举制度改变的结果。说白了,人民行动党的政治优势来自制度设计,并非来自选民支持;这也是新加坡政治文化的另一层面。为此,新加坡政府有必要确保所有选区都有竞选,不能出现有政党不战而胜的情况。政府也要确保每名选民都有实际投票的机会,即使在不战而胜的选区也得让选民投票以核定该议员的选民支持程度。 显然的,除非贯彻一人一票制席,任何的政治改革都强化不了新加坡走向开放民主政治。因此,此番的新加坡政改並不是为了‘独孤求败’而是要确保‘李方不败’。  Read More →

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